Household Then came communications training, directed both to improving the manager's personal skill in expressing himself by the spoken or the written word, and by the conduct of meetings, and also to understanding the formal and informal channels by which policy, instructions, news, opinions, and (most important!) gossip travel up and down in the factory or office community. Most of such courses were short ones lasting from a few days up to four weeks, but longer residential courses lasting sometimes for months were established with the aim of helping a coming manager to develop his mental powers, his understanding of management problems, and his ability to tackle such problems, by placing him in a stimulating environment, in cooperation and often in competition with his opposite numbers from other industries and public organizations. There are a large number of adult training centres and staff colleges where such training, verging sometimes on Hberal education, is provided. At this point it is well to review the range of knowledge of the principles and practice of management which is considered necessary to a young manager today, and then to consider briefly the facilities provided in the form of training courses in Britain today. It should be appreciated that this knowledge is of the 'what' of management, and is quite distinct from the 'how' of management which is best acquired by experience and guidance on the job. It should also be appreciated that these principles and practice apply with varying emphasis in different businesses, and that they are being extended and refined with the continuous development of industry itself. f A concise summary of the scope of management practice is provided by the syllabuses of the Intermediate Certificate and the Diploma in the National Scheme of Management The Training of Managers 179 Studies. This scheme was launched in 1950 and is administered jointly by the Ministry of Education for various fields in management studies, in cooperation with the relevant professional institutions and gives recognition to technical colleges offering adequate courses for these studies. The syllabus for the intermediate examination covers the following subjects, all of which are obligatory : Introductory : The evolution of modern industrial organization The nature of management Background : Economic aspects of industry and commerce Legal aspects of industry and commerce Psychological aspects of industry and commerce Tools of management: Financial accounting and cost accounting Statistical method Work measurement and incentives Office organization and method The syllabus for the diploma examination covers two obligatory subjects: 1. Management principles : Management evolution review of the recent history of management practice Major problems in management organization, human and social problems 2. Management practice organization structure, policy making, delegation and coordination There are twelve elective subjects of which four must be taken : 3. homemoney to purchasehow