interior Planning This completeness is a paramount gift to a manager. There are echoes here of Jan Christian Smuts, with his study 'Holism and Evolution'. Smuts believed that 'every individual form of life is a unity, a centre of activity dominated by one fundamental property. It is this ultimate internal unity that shapes the innumerable products of life into an orderly and harmonious whole.' His idea of Holism as an attempt at synthesis an 'attempt at bringing together any currents of thought and development' is apt. It suggests that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and it is just in this wholeness of outlook that the manager can uniquely contribute to the welding together of the hopes and fears of all those he is managing. How is he to achieve this integrity, this wholeness ? It is surely a manager's task, in the wellworn cliche, to 'explore every avenue'. Everything should be of excitement and interest to him. Prejudice, preconceptions, dogma, and bigotry should be anathema. He should strive all the time to ripen his mind by reading as many books, seeing as many plays, pictures, and films, listening to as much music, and talking to as many people as time will allow. And this attractive catalogue of activity does not include travel, hobbies, family life, and all the rest. These, too, have immense value in producing a mind that is flexible and absorbent. It is not always so easy for the manager to get these opportunities to broaden his mind. It is a particular form of selfdiscipline, necessary to the achievement of 'wholeness', that he should force himself to rise above the routines of his job. A timely book might be written which would examine the effects of television on the tired manager who deludes himself that the vicarious information and entertainment television supplies is of enduring value to him. It is surely the personal and private mental adventure, the journey down what Francis Thompson called 'the labyrinthine ways' of his own mind, that makes for completeness of outlook. It is far from easy under presentday conditions to achieve that relaxed quality which seems to be a part of the man or woman who has learned at the appropriate moment how to put his or her management problems, however large or trivial, aside. The competitiveness of life, the press of events, and the mass of information that is poured forth from press, television, and radio conspire to eliminate private thinking. These outside influences seem to strike at the very root of individual effort and enterprise. 'We'll think for you' they seem to say. And, equally, the stream of textbooks that grows with every year suggests to the lazy mind that 'it's all down in writing you only have to know where to look for it.' It is a very special aspect of this matter of the quality of integrity that the manager should bring original thinking to the management task. How can the thinking be truly original if the thinker operates with secondhand or borrowed thoughts ? Of the 'honesty' aspect of integrity in a manager it is hardly necessary to write at length. Household