to buy a house When all is said and done, the one management quality that is inborn and that is, in its way, priceless is that of character. This book will show it will certainly try to that a manager's job can be analysed in reasonably scientific Qualities of Management 41 detail and that with training and experience much of it can be learnt. But the possession of character illumines the whole process. It adds to competence a lustre which is of unique value because it opens up vistas, denied to so many, of courage, imagination, and adventure. Management or Leadership or Both? MOST discussions about management start off with a search for the best definition of the word. The truth is that the management function is so subtle, its applications so diverse, and its interpretations and interpreters so varied that there are no readymade answers. It is for this reason that in this book qualities of management are discussed in an early chapter, for it is from a consideration of these qualities that the first inkling of what management really is appears. Consider, for example, the definition in the Concise Oxford Dictionary of the verb 'to manage'. This can vary in meaning from 'to handle, wield control', via 'to contrive' (ironically) in the sense of 'he managed to make a muddle', 'to succeed in one's aim' or 'to make proper use of. And the word 'management'. The dictionary quite bluntly says that its meaning can range from the 'art of handling' to the business of 'deceitful contrivance'. No wonder no very durable definitions have emerged so far from the many and laudable attempts that have been made to answer this tricky question ! And yet the dictionary definitions wide as they may be in meaning relate very clearly to the behaviour of man himself. The implication surely is that management depends to a large degree on the type of person who is doing the ' managing the controller, the handler, the contriver, even the muddler. This in turn must condition the 'management' definition. If it is accepted that management is one of the most active and the least passive of human occupations then there was certainly nothing illogical in considering what qualities should be sought for in a manager before Management or Leadership or Both ? 43 feeling towards the solution of what management really is. It is often said that management is the daytoday control by the fulltime directors of a business as well as by those immediately below them who are responsible to the Board. The standards of the business and its pattern are said to derive from these stimuli. This is an oversimplification. The changing pattern of business has completely altered what might be called an oligarchical concept of business management. It is true that fulltime directors and their immediate subordinates should work out policy and objectives, but for a business operation to succeed the management process must be repeated all the way down the line. interior Planning