Financehome For the rest of this book the word management will be used in its widest sense and will assume that the leadership element is not lacking. Enough has been said to demonstrate that the manager, to be truly effective, must either be well led or possess the qualities of a leader. As the argument 48 The Business of Management develops much space will have to be given, and rightly, to those aspects of management which have a considerable scientific content in them. It will be proper to consider in detail, for example, how the best possible use can be made of men, materials, and methods a vital management factor. Dominating such examinations, which will point, helpfully it is hoped, to 'scientific' aids in each case, must be the basic human problem. However scientifically an 'end' is planned, the 'means' must take note of human strength and frailty. Perhaps it is at this point that one can discern a fundamental difference between a free and an unfree way of life. The free way of life, for all its shortcomings and retrogressions, tries to recognize, as it marches towards a higher standard of living for an ever greater number, the essential dignity of the individual. The unfree way of life is contemptuous of such thinking : the individual counts for little in the wider concept of the State. It is not the present purpose to enter the complicated realms of politics and metaphysics, but it is the clear duty of anyone who is trying to express management objectives to set the question against a wider, ideological background. The security of free peoples is being challenged daily by the growth of power among those whose management methods may be highly scientific but who take little or no cognizance of human values. Leadership in management in the western world must therefore gear itself to deal realistically with the problem it faces and equate a consideration for people's feelings with the size of the challenge. It is easy enough to write this, but how formidable a question it is can only be measured by realizing that the race is on and that it is going to be a hard one to win. In the matter of nuclear development, for example, Russia and China can deploy resources of manpower which leave the democracies standing. What is the democratic leader to do ? How far can he compromise his principles with expediency ? Management or Leadership or Both ? 49 The West is by no means clear of those business organizations which still cling anachronistically to the idea that 'men are expendable'. But time is not on their side neither time nor the aggregate social conscience. What was good enough in the late eighteenth or nineteenth centuries of ruthless and rapid industrialization is no longer acceptable today. It is at this point that leadership and management are completely fused. Good management must concern itself with getting the maximum possible from the managed: good leadership must see to it that this maximum is achieved in harmony and understanding. Financehome